Thursday, October 25, 2007
Wednesday, October 24, 2007
Circulatory and Respiratory Sytem Questions in Text
Page 579
Critical Thinking Questions
6. If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will the fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not? No, because with a mother that is already negative and has antibodies, it will only try to eliminate the fetus if it were to have Rh-positive blood.
Review Exercises
3. Describe a red blood cell. They are biconcave disks, which means that they are thin near their centers and thicker around their rims
6. Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell. Mature blood cells are released from the bone marrow into the blood stream, where they circulate for about 120 days. Then macrophages destroy damaged red blood cells in the spleen and liver. Hemoglobin liberated from red blood cells breaks down into heme and globin. Iron from heme returns to red bone marrow and is reused. Biliverdin and bilirubin are excreted in the bile.
10. List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
14. Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions. They aren’t complete cells. They come from megakaryocytes. They help repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces. They also reduce blood flow.
18. Distinguish between low-density and lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein. Low-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of cholesterol and are major cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins. High-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of protein and lower concentration of lipids.
27. List the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot. The extrinsic clotting mechanism is triggered when blood contacts damaged blood vessel walls or tissues outside blood vessels. This extrinsic clotting mechanism then activates the intrinsic clotting mechanism.
38. Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient. Because AB blood lacks both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
39. Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor. Type O blood lacks antigens A and B, therefore this type theoretically could be transfused into people with any other blood type.
Page 647 and 648
Review Exercises
2. Describe the pericardium. The pericardium encloses the heart and the closer end of the blood vessels in which it is attached. It is the membrane from the heart.
4. Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.There are four hollow chambers. Two on the left and two on the right.The upper chambers are called the atria, the lower are called the ventricles.The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. it allows the blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards.The bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle, which is located on the left. The septa divides the right and left of the heart.
6. Trace the path of the blood through the heartEnters through right atrium and continues towards the right ventricle then moves through the pulmonary valve and into the capillaries. Goes through pulmonary veins and heads out through the left atrium, next they head to the left ventricle. Last, they pass through the aortic valve.
10. Explain the origin of heart sounds. Heart sounds come from vibrations in heart tissue when blood moves through.
19. Describe the structure and function of a capillaryThey are the smallest blood vessels and they connect the smallest arterioles and smallest venules. They also house the exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic by-products between the blood and the tissue.
36. Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways.They are connected in performing the function of distributing blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body.
Page 818Review Exercises
1. Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
3. Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air. The internal hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles carried in the air from entering the nose.
5. Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.The pharynx is a passageway for food and air. The larynx is also a passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea. The larynx is inferior to the pharynx.
9. List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.Starts with the right and left primary bronchi. later it divides into secondary bronchi (lobar). Next it divides into tertiary bronchi (segmental). Next they turn into intralobular brochioles. The next branch is the Terminal bronchioes. After that there are the Respiratory bronchioles. After there are the Alveolar ducts. Then there are the Alveolar sacs. Finally there are the Alveoli.
16. Define surfactant, and explain its function. Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins, which is secreted into alveolar air space. It helps you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.
22. Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing, and explain the function of each.Coughing and sneezing are similar in the fact that they both clear passageways of foreign objects. Coughs forces air upward from the lower respiratory tracts and sneezing forces air upward from the upper respiratory tracts.
23. Explain the function of yawning. Yawning is used to help ventilate the alveoli. It allows the blood to receive more oxygen.
31. Define hyperventilation, and explain how it affects the respiratory center. Hyperventilation lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. After this it takes longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels.
35. Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.Oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin. It later dissolves and mixes with hemoglobin.
36. List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.Oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen as the blood pH decreases.Also Increase in temperatureAnd also an increase in carbon dioxide acidity.
Critical Thinking Questions
6. If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will the fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not? No, because with a mother that is already negative and has antibodies, it will only try to eliminate the fetus if it were to have Rh-positive blood.
Review Exercises
3. Describe a red blood cell. They are biconcave disks, which means that they are thin near their centers and thicker around their rims
6. Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell. Mature blood cells are released from the bone marrow into the blood stream, where they circulate for about 120 days. Then macrophages destroy damaged red blood cells in the spleen and liver. Hemoglobin liberated from red blood cells breaks down into heme and globin. Iron from heme returns to red bone marrow and is reused. Biliverdin and bilirubin are excreted in the bile.
10. List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
14. Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions. They aren’t complete cells. They come from megakaryocytes. They help repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces. They also reduce blood flow.
18. Distinguish between low-density and lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein. Low-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of cholesterol and are major cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins. High-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of protein and lower concentration of lipids.
27. List the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot. The extrinsic clotting mechanism is triggered when blood contacts damaged blood vessel walls or tissues outside blood vessels. This extrinsic clotting mechanism then activates the intrinsic clotting mechanism.
38. Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient. Because AB blood lacks both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
39. Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor. Type O blood lacks antigens A and B, therefore this type theoretically could be transfused into people with any other blood type.
Page 647 and 648
Review Exercises
2. Describe the pericardium. The pericardium encloses the heart and the closer end of the blood vessels in which it is attached. It is the membrane from the heart.
4. Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.There are four hollow chambers. Two on the left and two on the right.The upper chambers are called the atria, the lower are called the ventricles.The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. it allows the blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards.The bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle, which is located on the left. The septa divides the right and left of the heart.
6. Trace the path of the blood through the heartEnters through right atrium and continues towards the right ventricle then moves through the pulmonary valve and into the capillaries. Goes through pulmonary veins and heads out through the left atrium, next they head to the left ventricle. Last, they pass through the aortic valve.
10. Explain the origin of heart sounds. Heart sounds come from vibrations in heart tissue when blood moves through.
19. Describe the structure and function of a capillaryThey are the smallest blood vessels and they connect the smallest arterioles and smallest venules. They also house the exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic by-products between the blood and the tissue.
36. Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways.They are connected in performing the function of distributing blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body.
Page 818Review Exercises
1. Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
3. Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air. The internal hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles carried in the air from entering the nose.
5. Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.The pharynx is a passageway for food and air. The larynx is also a passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea. The larynx is inferior to the pharynx.
9. List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.Starts with the right and left primary bronchi. later it divides into secondary bronchi (lobar). Next it divides into tertiary bronchi (segmental). Next they turn into intralobular brochioles. The next branch is the Terminal bronchioes. After that there are the Respiratory bronchioles. After there are the Alveolar ducts. Then there are the Alveolar sacs. Finally there are the Alveoli.
16. Define surfactant, and explain its function. Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins, which is secreted into alveolar air space. It helps you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.
22. Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing, and explain the function of each.Coughing and sneezing are similar in the fact that they both clear passageways of foreign objects. Coughs forces air upward from the lower respiratory tracts and sneezing forces air upward from the upper respiratory tracts.
23. Explain the function of yawning. Yawning is used to help ventilate the alveoli. It allows the blood to receive more oxygen.
31. Define hyperventilation, and explain how it affects the respiratory center. Hyperventilation lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. After this it takes longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels.
35. Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.Oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin. It later dissolves and mixes with hemoglobin.
36. List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.Oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen as the blood pH decreases.Also Increase in temperatureAnd also an increase in carbon dioxide acidity.
Monday, October 22, 2007
Heart Anatomy
All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system? Closed circulatory system
How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis? Through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of pH and of body temperature
Name 4 functions of the circulatory system. To transport dissolved nutrients to all the body cells; it transports gases to all of the cells; It carries hormones which help regulate certain body functions; it transports antibodies that contributes to the bodies immunological response
What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called? arteries
What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called? veins
What is the sac that surrounds the heart called? pericardium
What is the muscular portion of the heart called? myocardium
What is the lining of the myocardium called? endocardium
What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities? Atria and ventricles
What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium? Superior and inferior vena cava carry blood to the right atrium. Pulmonary veins carry blood to the left atrium
What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle? Pulmonary arteries and
How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis? Through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of pH and of body temperature
Name 4 functions of the circulatory system. To transport dissolved nutrients to all the body cells; it transports gases to all of the cells; It carries hormones which help regulate certain body functions; it transports antibodies that contributes to the bodies immunological response
What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called? arteries
What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called? veins
What is the sac that surrounds the heart called? pericardium
What is the muscular portion of the heart called? myocardium
What is the lining of the myocardium called? endocardium
What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities? Atria and ventricles
What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium? Superior and inferior vena cava carry blood to the right atrium. Pulmonary veins carry blood to the left atrium
What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle? Pulmonary arteries and
Respiration Anatomy
What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system? Nose and the mouth
Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth? To the trachea and pharynx
In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out? The esophagus
Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus? anterior
What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System? The mouth and nose
What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles? alveoli
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? alveoli
What is the main muscle of respiration? The diaphragm
What happens when we inhale? Exhale? When inhaling the diaphragm pulls on the pleural sacs causing the air between the sacs and the lungs to thin out. That causes the pressure in the lungs to decrease causing air to be pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, it pushes on the pleural sac causing an increase of pressure within the lungs which forces air out of the lungs.
Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.
Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth? To the trachea and pharynx
In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out? The esophagus
Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus? anterior
What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System? The mouth and nose
What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles? alveoli
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? alveoli
What is the main muscle of respiration? The diaphragm
What happens when we inhale? Exhale? When inhaling the diaphragm pulls on the pleural sacs causing the air between the sacs and the lungs to thin out. That causes the pressure in the lungs to decrease causing air to be pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, it pushes on the pleural sac causing an increase of pressure within the lungs which forces air out of the lungs.
Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.
Wednesday, October 10, 2007
Monday, October 8, 2007
Basic Eye Anatomy
The eye is part of which nervous system? Central Nervous System
What types of tissues give the eye protection? Connective and fatty tissues
What structure in the eye produces tears? Lacrimal glands
What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye? Conjunctiva
What is the cornea? The covering of your eye
What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones? The layer in the back of the eye
What is the function of the rods? The cones? Rod – controls black and white vision. Cones – color vision
What is the colored part of the eye? Iris
What structure allows light to enter the eye? pupil
Sketch picture of eye with following labeled: lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina
What types of tissues give the eye protection? Connective and fatty tissues
What structure in the eye produces tears? Lacrimal glands
What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye? Conjunctiva
What is the cornea? The covering of your eye
What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones? The layer in the back of the eye
What is the function of the rods? The cones? Rod – controls black and white vision. Cones – color vision
What is the colored part of the eye? Iris
What structure allows light to enter the eye? pupil
Sketch picture of eye with following labeled: lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina
Wednesday, October 3, 2007
Basic Ear Anatomy
Sketch a picture of an ear and label the following:
Inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea
stapes
malleus
incus
What is the function of the following:
Pinna – direct sound waves into the auditory canal
tympanic membrane – reproduces the vibrations of the sound wave source.
ossicles – transmits vibrations between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear.
cochlea – fluid filled sack that helps hairs turn vibrations into nerve impulses.
semicircular canals – provide a sence of equilibrium.
What three bones make up the ossicles? Malleus, incus, and stapes.
What is the function of hairs in the ear? The hairs stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve
Inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea
stapes
malleus
incus
What is the function of the following:
Pinna – direct sound waves into the auditory canal
tympanic membrane – reproduces the vibrations of the sound wave source.
ossicles – transmits vibrations between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear.
cochlea – fluid filled sack that helps hairs turn vibrations into nerve impulses.
semicircular canals – provide a sence of equilibrium.
What three bones make up the ossicles? Malleus, incus, and stapes.
What is the function of hairs in the ear? The hairs stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve
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