Menstrual Hormonal Control
What is a hormone?Chemicals that are produced in one part of the body and used in another.
What system is responsible for the production of hormones?The Endocrine System
Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the oviduct, ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina.
Where does the embryo undergo most of its development?Uterus
What is another name for the fallopian tube?oviduct
Where does fertilization take place?oviduct, (or fallopian tubes)What is ovulation?Changes that occur to the ovaries during the menstrual cycle
What is the follicle converted to?A Corpus Luteum
What happens during the flow phase?Hormone production stops. Uterus lining sloughs off.
What happens during the follicular phase?Follicle gets bigger and produces a hormone which makes uterus lining thicker.
What happens during the luteal phase?Follicle is converted into a corpus luteum. This makes the uterus thicken more.
What happens to the uterine lining during the first phase?It sloughs
What are the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle?LH, FSH, Progestrerone, Estrogen
As FSH increases in concentration in the blood , the follicle is?Developing
When the follicle ruptures it releases what?Ova
What is considered the hormone of pregnancy?Progesterone
What is the rhythm method?Birth control in which you you try to anticipate the days of the ovulation
What do you call a couple using the rhythm method? don't kno
What is menopause? What causes it?The cessation of menstruation, The cessation of Lh.
When does fertilization occur?When the sperm and the ova combine in the oviducts
When is a zygote formed?When the sperm and the ova combine.
What is a placenta?It transfers material between the embyro and uterus
Monday, December 17, 2007
Organization of the Human Body Worksheet
1. Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy - is the study of body structures, Physiology - is the study of the functions of those structures.
2. Please organize the following structures in order from smallest to largest: system, tissue, organ, and cellSmallest- Cell, Tissue, Organ System- Largest
3. In the term physiology the suffix -logy means what?Study
4. What is the type of membrane that lines all of the passages leading the exterior?Mucous
5. What do you call a mass of cells that all perform the same function?Tissue
6. What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulsesNerve
7. The term epidermis contains a prefix and a root term. What is the root in this word and what does it mean? What is the prefix in this word and what does it mean?Root – Derm. It means skin. Prefix – Epi. Which means above.
8. The term cavity appears frequently in this lesson. What does it mean A hole or hollow area
9. Name the four main types of tissue and describe their function. Epithelial - covers entire surface of body. Connective – supports and protects. Muscle – specialized for contraction. Nerve – specialized for the conduction of neural impulse.
10. A cell is made of cytoplasm except for the nucleus, which is made of protoplasm
11. What type of membrane lines joint cavities and outer surfaces of bones? Fibrous.
12. What is an organ system? A group of organs that perform a major body function
13. Name the five types of membranes and where each is located.Cutaneous – Skin all over body. Epidermis – Outermost layer over body. Mucous – along passage ways that lead to exterior of body. Fibrous – Lines all joint cavities. Serous – lines Closed cavities (lungs)
14. What is the function of the cell membrane? The nucleus? It protects the nucleus. Controls growth, repair, and reproduction.
15. The Cutaneous membrane is made of two distinct layers. Name each of these layers and describe what they are made of. Epidermis - composed of many layers of cells. Dermis – composed mainly of connective tissue and microscopic organs
1. Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy - is the study of body structures, Physiology - is the study of the functions of those structures.
2. Please organize the following structures in order from smallest to largest: system, tissue, organ, and cellSmallest- Cell, Tissue, Organ System- Largest
3. In the term physiology the suffix -logy means what?Study
4. What is the type of membrane that lines all of the passages leading the exterior?Mucous
5. What do you call a mass of cells that all perform the same function?Tissue
6. What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulsesNerve
7. The term epidermis contains a prefix and a root term. What is the root in this word and what does it mean? What is the prefix in this word and what does it mean?Root – Derm. It means skin. Prefix – Epi. Which means above.
8. The term cavity appears frequently in this lesson. What does it mean A hole or hollow area
9. Name the four main types of tissue and describe their function. Epithelial - covers entire surface of body. Connective – supports and protects. Muscle – specialized for contraction. Nerve – specialized for the conduction of neural impulse.
10. A cell is made of cytoplasm except for the nucleus, which is made of protoplasm
11. What type of membrane lines joint cavities and outer surfaces of bones? Fibrous.
12. What is an organ system? A group of organs that perform a major body function
13. Name the five types of membranes and where each is located.Cutaneous – Skin all over body. Epidermis – Outermost layer over body. Mucous – along passage ways that lead to exterior of body. Fibrous – Lines all joint cavities. Serous – lines Closed cavities (lungs)
14. What is the function of the cell membrane? The nucleus? It protects the nucleus. Controls growth, repair, and reproduction.
15. The Cutaneous membrane is made of two distinct layers. Name each of these layers and describe what they are made of. Epidermis - composed of many layers of cells. Dermis – composed mainly of connective tissue and microscopic organs
Drills On Diction Worksheet
Root - Term- Definition- Sentence
adip –adipose - Relating to fat. - Body fat is less commonly known as adipose tissue.
bio – biology : the study of life - I took biology when I was in the 10th grade.
capit - decapitate- To behead. - There were many devices used in medieval time to decapitate criminals.
cephal – cephalad – towards the head- If you stand on your head, the blood will flow cephalad.
Corp –body – corpse –towards the head- There were many corpses in the dungeoun.
crani –cranium—the part of the skul that encloses the brain- The long fall cracked his cranium.
dent –dental- relating to or used to the teeth- He needed several dental procedures.
hist –history- the branch of knowledge that records and researches past events – Some believe you must understand your history before you can understand your future.
later – lateral - to the side – The quarterback escaped the tackle by passing the ball laterally.
ocul –oculist- relating to the eye- The oculist considered becoming an optometrist.
oste – osteoblast – a bone forming cell – People would not have bones if they lacked osteoblast.
phag –phagocyte- a cell that eats bacteria – Phagocyte is a cell of the immune sysempleur –
pluera- membrane lining the lung and chest cavity – The shot damaged his pluera.
quad – quadriceps - a large four-part muscle at the front of the thigh that facilitates leg extension- He did squats to strengthen his quadriceps.
stern –sternum- the breast bone – The bone in the middle of your chest is called the sternum.
ab –abduct- movement of any extremity away from the midline of the body- To pass the ball the quarterback used abduction.
ad –adrenaline- A hormone and neurotransmitter - Adrenaline can affect how you think.
angi - angiography- A procedure to x-ray blood vessels – The Hiv patient needed a angiograph.
auto – autograft - surgical transplantation of any tissue from one part of the body to another location on the same individual – The doctor signed his name on the patient rather than
autograft his skin.
centi –centimeter - A metric unit of measurement for length. – The carpenters measurement was off by 4 centimeters.
dextro –dextrad- to the right – He adjusted his throw to the left to correct his dextrad precision.
epi –epidemic- An outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely – Small pox was the epidemic that killed the majority of native americans.
ex - excision – removal by surgery – Nephrectomy is the removal of the kidney by excision.
inter – interrenal - Between the kidneys – The painful internal wound was interrenal.
non - not capable of living or developing successfully – The doctor was relunctant to tell the patient they were nonviable.
ortho - orthopedic- having to do with the bones. – The patient underwent orthopedic surgery.
path -pathology- The study of disease – Pathology is becoming a mandatory class.
pseudo –pseudopod- A transient protrusion or retractile process associated with cell movement and feeding.- The eukaryote cell became a pseudopod.
sinistro –sinistrad – After the quarterback fixed his dextrad throw he began to throw sinistrally.
cide –aborticide-the act of destroying a fetus – The doctor asked the patient was she sure she wanted to proceed with aborticide.
itis –hepatitis- Inflammation of the liver – It’s not a secret that Pamela Anderson has hepatitis.
logy –histology - The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. – The school placed new orders for microscopes for its histology class.
meter – pedometer- a device for measuring to distance walked – Whenever he jogged he brought his pedometer.
plasty – osteoplasty - plastic surgery of the bones. – The patient was put to sleep at the beginning of her osteoplasty.
Scope – otoscope - A small, lighted viewing instrument for the ear. – The doctor looked into her ear with his otoscope.
Root - Term- Definition- Sentence
adip –adipose - Relating to fat. - Body fat is less commonly known as adipose tissue.
bio – biology : the study of life - I took biology when I was in the 10th grade.
capit - decapitate- To behead. - There were many devices used in medieval time to decapitate criminals.
cephal – cephalad – towards the head- If you stand on your head, the blood will flow cephalad.
Corp –body – corpse –towards the head- There were many corpses in the dungeoun.
crani –cranium—the part of the skul that encloses the brain- The long fall cracked his cranium.
dent –dental- relating to or used to the teeth- He needed several dental procedures.
hist –history- the branch of knowledge that records and researches past events – Some believe you must understand your history before you can understand your future.
later – lateral - to the side – The quarterback escaped the tackle by passing the ball laterally.
ocul –oculist- relating to the eye- The oculist considered becoming an optometrist.
oste – osteoblast – a bone forming cell – People would not have bones if they lacked osteoblast.
phag –phagocyte- a cell that eats bacteria – Phagocyte is a cell of the immune sysempleur –
pluera- membrane lining the lung and chest cavity – The shot damaged his pluera.
quad – quadriceps - a large four-part muscle at the front of the thigh that facilitates leg extension- He did squats to strengthen his quadriceps.
stern –sternum- the breast bone – The bone in the middle of your chest is called the sternum.
ab –abduct- movement of any extremity away from the midline of the body- To pass the ball the quarterback used abduction.
ad –adrenaline- A hormone and neurotransmitter - Adrenaline can affect how you think.
angi - angiography- A procedure to x-ray blood vessels – The Hiv patient needed a angiograph.
auto – autograft - surgical transplantation of any tissue from one part of the body to another location on the same individual – The doctor signed his name on the patient rather than
autograft his skin.
centi –centimeter - A metric unit of measurement for length. – The carpenters measurement was off by 4 centimeters.
dextro –dextrad- to the right – He adjusted his throw to the left to correct his dextrad precision.
epi –epidemic- An outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely – Small pox was the epidemic that killed the majority of native americans.
ex - excision – removal by surgery – Nephrectomy is the removal of the kidney by excision.
inter – interrenal - Between the kidneys – The painful internal wound was interrenal.
non - not capable of living or developing successfully – The doctor was relunctant to tell the patient they were nonviable.
ortho - orthopedic- having to do with the bones. – The patient underwent orthopedic surgery.
path -pathology- The study of disease – Pathology is becoming a mandatory class.
pseudo –pseudopod- A transient protrusion or retractile process associated with cell movement and feeding.- The eukaryote cell became a pseudopod.
sinistro –sinistrad – After the quarterback fixed his dextrad throw he began to throw sinistrally.
cide –aborticide-the act of destroying a fetus – The doctor asked the patient was she sure she wanted to proceed with aborticide.
itis –hepatitis- Inflammation of the liver – It’s not a secret that Pamela Anderson has hepatitis.
logy –histology - The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. – The school placed new orders for microscopes for its histology class.
meter – pedometer- a device for measuring to distance walked – Whenever he jogged he brought his pedometer.
plasty – osteoplasty - plastic surgery of the bones. – The patient was put to sleep at the beginning of her osteoplasty.
Scope – otoscope - A small, lighted viewing instrument for the ear. – The doctor looked into her ear with his otoscope.
Questions in Text (Integumentary)
Critical thinking 3,6,8
As a rule a superficial partial-thickness burn is more painful than one involving deeper tissues. How would you explain the observations?one that burns deeper would destroy nerves so you would not feel the pain, not noticing how bad you are burnt.
How would you explain to an athlete the importance of keeping the body hydrated when exercising in warm weather?I would tell them that the body needs water to operate properly and in extreme heat situations it is much easier to dehydrate if you don’t drink plenty of water.
How is skin peeling after a severe sunburn protective. How might a fever be protective.Skin peeling over a sunburn might protect it from infection, and a fever might be protective because it indicates that there is an infection, and that things in your immune system are working to fight a problem.
Review Exercises 4,5,6,8,13,15,16,22,25,27,28,29
List six functions of skinvital in maintaining homeostasis,protective coveringretards water loss by diffusionhelpos regulate body temperaturehouses sensory receptors contains immune system cellssynthesizes various chemicalsexretes small quantities of waste.
List the two layers of the epidermisthe two layers are the dermis and hypodermis.Describe the function of melanocytes:They produce melanin which provides skin color.
Distinguish between a hair and a hair follicle. Hair develops from hair follicles, which are at the base of a tube-like depression.
Describe how nails are formed. Nails are formed by epithelium that divide.
Explain the function of Sebaceous glands. They produce fatty material which mixes with cerbum and makes skin soft.
Describe the body’s response to decreasing body temperature. When the body system drops below normal the nervous system signals dermal blood vessels to constrict and sweat glands to remain inactive. This conserves body heat. If temperature continues to drop nervous system signals muscles to contract involuntarily which generates body heat.
Describe three physiological factors that affect skin color. Blood in dermal vessels add color to the skin.could be well oxygenated producing a pinkish effect.or in a low concentration of blood oxygen it would appear blue.The state of the blood vessels also affect skin color.Also carotene, found in yellow vegetables, might change your skin a yellowish color if you eat too much of it.
Distinguish among first, second, and third degree burns. A first degree burn only burns the epidermis. A second degree burn is one that burns some epidermis as well as some underlying dermisa third degree burn destroys the epidermis, dermis and the accessory organs of the skin.
List three effects of aging skin. The dermis becomes wrinkled. Slow melanin production causes hair to become gray or white.Ability to control temperature falters as number of skin falls. Also ability to shiver declines.
Critical thinking 3,6,8
As a rule a superficial partial-thickness burn is more painful than one involving deeper tissues. How would you explain the observations?one that burns deeper would destroy nerves so you would not feel the pain, not noticing how bad you are burnt.
How would you explain to an athlete the importance of keeping the body hydrated when exercising in warm weather?I would tell them that the body needs water to operate properly and in extreme heat situations it is much easier to dehydrate if you don’t drink plenty of water.
How is skin peeling after a severe sunburn protective. How might a fever be protective.Skin peeling over a sunburn might protect it from infection, and a fever might be protective because it indicates that there is an infection, and that things in your immune system are working to fight a problem.
Review Exercises 4,5,6,8,13,15,16,22,25,27,28,29
List six functions of skinvital in maintaining homeostasis,protective coveringretards water loss by diffusionhelpos regulate body temperaturehouses sensory receptors contains immune system cellssynthesizes various chemicalsexretes small quantities of waste.
List the two layers of the epidermisthe two layers are the dermis and hypodermis.Describe the function of melanocytes:They produce melanin which provides skin color.
Distinguish between a hair and a hair follicle. Hair develops from hair follicles, which are at the base of a tube-like depression.
Describe how nails are formed. Nails are formed by epithelium that divide.
Explain the function of Sebaceous glands. They produce fatty material which mixes with cerbum and makes skin soft.
Describe the body’s response to decreasing body temperature. When the body system drops below normal the nervous system signals dermal blood vessels to constrict and sweat glands to remain inactive. This conserves body heat. If temperature continues to drop nervous system signals muscles to contract involuntarily which generates body heat.
Describe three physiological factors that affect skin color. Blood in dermal vessels add color to the skin.could be well oxygenated producing a pinkish effect.or in a low concentration of blood oxygen it would appear blue.The state of the blood vessels also affect skin color.Also carotene, found in yellow vegetables, might change your skin a yellowish color if you eat too much of it.
Distinguish among first, second, and third degree burns. A first degree burn only burns the epidermis. A second degree burn is one that burns some epidermis as well as some underlying dermisa third degree burn destroys the epidermis, dermis and the accessory organs of the skin.
List three effects of aging skin. The dermis becomes wrinkled. Slow melanin production causes hair to become gray or white.Ability to control temperature falters as number of skin falls. Also ability to shiver declines.
Tuesday, December 4, 2007
Review Exercises
1. List the general functions of the male reproductive system. Produce and maintain the male sex cellls, to transport these cells to the female reproductive tract, and to secrete male sex hormones.
7. Outline the process of meiosis. Two divisions; First and Second Meiotic Divisions. The first meiotic division seperates homologous chromosome pairs. Each is replicated and consists of chromatids. Each cells that undergo the second meiotic division emerges with one member of each homogous pair, a condition termed haploid.
8. List two ways that meiosis provides genetic variability.
10. Describe a sperm cell. A mature sperm cells is a tiny, tadpole-shaped structure about .06 millimeters long.
11. Describe the epidiymis, and explain its function. A tightly coiled, thredlike tube about 6 meters long. It connects the seminiferous tubules of the testes to the vas deferens.
20. Explain the mechanism that produces an erection of the penis. The spinal cord releases the vasodilator nitric oxide, which causes the arteries leading to the penis to dialate, increasing blood flow into erectile tissues. Consequently, blood accumalates in the erectile tissues, and the penis swells and elongates, producing an erection.
29. List the general functions of the female reproductive system. To produce and maintain the female sex cells, transport these cells to the site of fertalization, to provide a favorable environment for a developing offspring, to move offspring to the outside, and to produce female sex hormones.
7. Outline the process of meiosis. Two divisions; First and Second Meiotic Divisions. The first meiotic division seperates homologous chromosome pairs. Each is replicated and consists of chromatids. Each cells that undergo the second meiotic division emerges with one member of each homogous pair, a condition termed haploid.
8. List two ways that meiosis provides genetic variability.
10. Describe a sperm cell. A mature sperm cells is a tiny, tadpole-shaped structure about .06 millimeters long.
11. Describe the epidiymis, and explain its function. A tightly coiled, thredlike tube about 6 meters long. It connects the seminiferous tubules of the testes to the vas deferens.
20. Explain the mechanism that produces an erection of the penis. The spinal cord releases the vasodilator nitric oxide, which causes the arteries leading to the penis to dialate, increasing blood flow into erectile tissues. Consequently, blood accumalates in the erectile tissues, and the penis swells and elongates, producing an erection.
29. List the general functions of the female reproductive system. To produce and maintain the female sex cells, transport these cells to the site of fertalization, to provide a favorable environment for a developing offspring, to move offspring to the outside, and to produce female sex hormones.
Wednesday, November 28, 2007
Tuesday, November 27, 2007
Female and Male Reproductive System Worksheet
What is the function of the ovaries? To produce the ova and the female hormones, estrogen and progesterone.
What is the structure that connects the ovaries to the uterus? The fallopian tubes
What is the name of the lining of the uterus? endometrium
Name the three parts of the uterus and where they are located. Fundus – is the uppermost top portion of the uterus. Body – is the middle portion. Cervix – is the neck-like portion that opens down towards the vagina or birth canal.
What is the female organ of copulation? Vagina
Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the following: bladder, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, urethra, vagina.
What is the male organ of copulation? penis
What are the two functions of the urethra in the male? In the urinary system it passes urine from the bladder to the external surface of the body. I the reproductive system it serves as a passageway for the semen to the outside of the body
What are the two functions of the testes? Production of sperm cells and secretion of an endocrine substance, the male sex hormone.
What is the name of the structure where the testes are located? scrotum
Why are the testes located outside the body? Because a temperature that is lower than that of the body in general is required for optimum maturation of the sperm cells.
Where do sperm mature? epididymis
What is the vas deferens? It is a small tube which connects the epididymis amd the ejaculatory duct.
What is the structure that secretes and stores a fluid releases at the time of ejaculation? Seminal vesicles
What are the functions of the prostate gland? Secretes an alkaline fluid to keep the sperm mobile and protect them from the acid secretion of the female vagina. It also aids in netralizing the acid in the male urethra.
What is semen? Made up of sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate and cowper’s glands.
What is the structure that connects the ovaries to the uterus? The fallopian tubes
What is the name of the lining of the uterus? endometrium
Name the three parts of the uterus and where they are located. Fundus – is the uppermost top portion of the uterus. Body – is the middle portion. Cervix – is the neck-like portion that opens down towards the vagina or birth canal.
What is the female organ of copulation? Vagina
Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the following: bladder, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, urethra, vagina.
What is the male organ of copulation? penis
What are the two functions of the urethra in the male? In the urinary system it passes urine from the bladder to the external surface of the body. I the reproductive system it serves as a passageway for the semen to the outside of the body
What are the two functions of the testes? Production of sperm cells and secretion of an endocrine substance, the male sex hormone.
What is the name of the structure where the testes are located? scrotum
Why are the testes located outside the body? Because a temperature that is lower than that of the body in general is required for optimum maturation of the sperm cells.
Where do sperm mature? epididymis
What is the vas deferens? It is a small tube which connects the epididymis amd the ejaculatory duct.
What is the structure that secretes and stores a fluid releases at the time of ejaculation? Seminal vesicles
What are the functions of the prostate gland? Secretes an alkaline fluid to keep the sperm mobile and protect them from the acid secretion of the female vagina. It also aids in netralizing the acid in the male urethra.
What is semen? Made up of sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate and cowper’s glands.
Basic Urine Anatomy
What are three functions of the kidneys? 1.)Filters all matter not just waste products. 2.)Selectively Reabsorbs all the substances that the body can make of use. 3.)Eliminates waste products from the blood in the form of urine.
What is the protective layer around the kidney? The peri-renal capsule
What is the outer layer of the kidney? The cortex
What is the urine collection system of the kidney? The medulla
What is the dilated end of the ureters called? The pelvis
What is the function of the bladder? To store urine
What transports urine in males? Females? Urethra: transports urine to the outside of the body, which also carries semen and is 7-8 inches long. In females, Urethra: which does the same thing, but doesn’t transport semen and is only 1.5-2 inches long.
What is the protective layer around the kidney? The peri-renal capsule
What is the outer layer of the kidney? The cortex
What is the urine collection system of the kidney? The medulla
What is the dilated end of the ureters called? The pelvis
What is the function of the bladder? To store urine
What transports urine in males? Females? Urethra: transports urine to the outside of the body, which also carries semen and is 7-8 inches long. In females, Urethra: which does the same thing, but doesn’t transport semen and is only 1.5-2 inches long.
Monday, November 26, 2007
Reproductive System Vocabulary
corpus luteum – structure that forms from the tissues of a ruptures ovarian follicle and secretes female hormones.
epididymis – Highly coiled tubule that leads from the seminiferous tubules of the testis to the vas deferens.
gonad – A sex cell-producing organ.
meiosis – A form of cell division that halves the genetic material, resulting in egg and sperm cells.
oocyte – An immature egg cell.
ovary – The primary reproductive organ of a female.
placenta – Structure attaching a fetus to the uterine wall, provinding a conduit to receive nutrients and excrete wastes.
scrotum – A pouch of skin that encloses the testes.
seminiferous tubule – Tubule within the testes where sperm cells form.
testis – Primary reproductive organ of a male.
vulva – The external reproductive parts of the female that surround the opening of the vagina.
blastocyst – An early stage of prenatal development that consists of a hollow ball of cells.
embryo – A prenatal stage of development after germ layers form but before the rudiments of all organs are present.
fetus – A human embryo after eight weeks of development.
implantation – The embedding of a cleavage embryo in the lining of the uterus.
lactation – production of milk from the mammary glands.
umbilical cord – Cord-like structure that connects the fetus to the placenta.
yolk sac – An extraembryonic membrane connected to the embryo by a long, narrow tube.
zygote – Cell produced by the fusion of an egg and sperm
ultrasound -
epididymis – Highly coiled tubule that leads from the seminiferous tubules of the testis to the vas deferens.
gonad – A sex cell-producing organ.
meiosis – A form of cell division that halves the genetic material, resulting in egg and sperm cells.
oocyte – An immature egg cell.
ovary – The primary reproductive organ of a female.
placenta – Structure attaching a fetus to the uterine wall, provinding a conduit to receive nutrients and excrete wastes.
scrotum – A pouch of skin that encloses the testes.
seminiferous tubule – Tubule within the testes where sperm cells form.
testis – Primary reproductive organ of a male.
vulva – The external reproductive parts of the female that surround the opening of the vagina.
blastocyst – An early stage of prenatal development that consists of a hollow ball of cells.
embryo – A prenatal stage of development after germ layers form but before the rudiments of all organs are present.
fetus – A human embryo after eight weeks of development.
implantation – The embedding of a cleavage embryo in the lining of the uterus.
lactation – production of milk from the mammary glands.
umbilical cord – Cord-like structure that connects the fetus to the placenta.
yolk sac – An extraembryonic membrane connected to the embryo by a long, narrow tube.
zygote – Cell produced by the fusion of an egg and sperm
ultrasound -
The Digestive System Worksheet
What is the digestive tract? A long continuous tube with food first entering at the mouth.
What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract? They continue along the tube until it exits the anus along with dead cells.
Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters.
What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? The teeth and tongue start the digestion process by breaking down the food.
What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? bolus
What triggers peristalsis? The presence of bolus in the esophagus
What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? ? It closes the entrance of the stomach.
What is the mucous membrane? It is a coating over the stomach wall that prevents digestion of itself.
How long is the small intestine? Over 20 feet long
Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? In the small intestines.
What increase the surface area of the small intestine? Small finger-like projections called villi
What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function? Duodenum. Their receptors detect the presence of hypo and hyper tonic solutions, acid and chemical changes in the chyme.
Where is bile stored? It is stored in the gallbladder.
What is segmentation? A type of muscle contraction.
When does the ileocecal sphincter open? It opens when the build up of food in the small intestines reaches a certain point.
What is the function of the anal sphincter? It stops waste from leaving the body until you want it to.
What is the function of the appendix in humans? It serves no function in man. Sometimes gets infected(removed).
Where does digestion begin? In the mouth
What is gastric juice made of? Hydrochloric acids and enzymes.
Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced? Pancreas and intestinal glands.
What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? Amylase – completes the process of hydrolyzing starch. Lactase – breaks down lactose. Maltase – breaks down maltose. Sucrase – breaks down surcrose.
There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method. Some substances diffuse across the intestinal membrane and into the blood by flowing along the concentration gradient. Other substances must be forced through the membrane against a gradient, since their concentration in the blood is already greater than it is in the intestinal lumen.
What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract? They continue along the tube until it exits the anus along with dead cells.
Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters.
What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? The teeth and tongue start the digestion process by breaking down the food.
What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? bolus
What triggers peristalsis? The presence of bolus in the esophagus
What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? ? It closes the entrance of the stomach.
What is the mucous membrane? It is a coating over the stomach wall that prevents digestion of itself.
How long is the small intestine? Over 20 feet long
Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? In the small intestines.
What increase the surface area of the small intestine? Small finger-like projections called villi
What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function? Duodenum. Their receptors detect the presence of hypo and hyper tonic solutions, acid and chemical changes in the chyme.
Where is bile stored? It is stored in the gallbladder.
What is segmentation? A type of muscle contraction.
When does the ileocecal sphincter open? It opens when the build up of food in the small intestines reaches a certain point.
What is the function of the anal sphincter? It stops waste from leaving the body until you want it to.
What is the function of the appendix in humans? It serves no function in man. Sometimes gets infected(removed).
Where does digestion begin? In the mouth
What is gastric juice made of? Hydrochloric acids and enzymes.
Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced? Pancreas and intestinal glands.
What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? Amylase – completes the process of hydrolyzing starch. Lactase – breaks down lactose. Maltase – breaks down maltose. Sucrase – breaks down surcrose.
There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method. Some substances diffuse across the intestinal membrane and into the blood by flowing along the concentration gradient. Other substances must be forced through the membrane against a gradient, since their concentration in the blood is already greater than it is in the intestinal lumen.
Part 2(Project)
Part 2
1. How does the flu build a resistance to drug treatment? The bird flu builds a resistance because the more that doctors prescribe anti-viral drugs the more that the flu gets immune to it. The flu strands that survive then reproduce and evolve off of the drugs. The U.S. government's preparation for a flu pandemic includes stockpiling Tamiflu and Relenza, and funding development of new anti-flu drugs.
2. Why is the build up of resistance to an anti-flu drug referred to as evolving? It is referred to as evolving because the more they use then the virus might survive and become MORE immune to that drug. The flu virus is known for changing the form.
3. This article named Tamiflu and Relenza as anti-flu medications. How do these drugs "get rid" of the flu virus? The drugs fight off the virus by increasing the amount off white cells.
4. Can antibiotics be prescribed to treat the flu? Why or Why not? No antibodies can not be used to treat the flu. The flu is a virus and viruses are not alive. Antibodies can only kill living bacteria.
1. How does the flu build a resistance to drug treatment? The bird flu builds a resistance because the more that doctors prescribe anti-viral drugs the more that the flu gets immune to it. The flu strands that survive then reproduce and evolve off of the drugs. The U.S. government's preparation for a flu pandemic includes stockpiling Tamiflu and Relenza, and funding development of new anti-flu drugs.
2. Why is the build up of resistance to an anti-flu drug referred to as evolving? It is referred to as evolving because the more they use then the virus might survive and become MORE immune to that drug. The flu virus is known for changing the form.
3. This article named Tamiflu and Relenza as anti-flu medications. How do these drugs "get rid" of the flu virus? The drugs fight off the virus by increasing the amount off white cells.
4. Can antibiotics be prescribed to treat the flu? Why or Why not? No antibodies can not be used to treat the flu. The flu is a virus and viruses are not alive. Antibodies can only kill living bacteria.
Thursday, November 8, 2007
Part 1(Project)
Part 1
Summary
This Article strongly relates to the immune system because chicken pox is a virus that changes forms. Even though it seems to be the same disease it really has evolved or has changed in some way. The flu is one of the best examples for this. Usually your body destroys the virus or infection and it remembers the virus so that you don’t catch it again and again. BUT, sometimes your body has short-term memory in which it forgets the virus. Once the virus is forgotten then your body will no longer produce the antibodies needed to fight it off easily the next time you catch it.
Reaction
This article is very accurate and learning friendly. I learned a few things my-self concerning the chicken pox and herpes. And also about where it hides when your immune system controls it. Its really nice to see how your body gets rid of all your problems but its also really bad to see that some of the problems that you might obtain, can never be cured.
Summary
This Article strongly relates to the immune system because chicken pox is a virus that changes forms. Even though it seems to be the same disease it really has evolved or has changed in some way. The flu is one of the best examples for this. Usually your body destroys the virus or infection and it remembers the virus so that you don’t catch it again and again. BUT, sometimes your body has short-term memory in which it forgets the virus. Once the virus is forgotten then your body will no longer produce the antibodies needed to fight it off easily the next time you catch it.
Reaction
This article is very accurate and learning friendly. I learned a few things my-self concerning the chicken pox and herpes. And also about where it hides when your immune system controls it. Its really nice to see how your body gets rid of all your problems but its also really bad to see that some of the problems that you might obtain, can never be cured.
Thursday, October 25, 2007
Wednesday, October 24, 2007
Circulatory and Respiratory Sytem Questions in Text
Page 579
Critical Thinking Questions
6. If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will the fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not? No, because with a mother that is already negative and has antibodies, it will only try to eliminate the fetus if it were to have Rh-positive blood.
Review Exercises
3. Describe a red blood cell. They are biconcave disks, which means that they are thin near their centers and thicker around their rims
6. Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell. Mature blood cells are released from the bone marrow into the blood stream, where they circulate for about 120 days. Then macrophages destroy damaged red blood cells in the spleen and liver. Hemoglobin liberated from red blood cells breaks down into heme and globin. Iron from heme returns to red bone marrow and is reused. Biliverdin and bilirubin are excreted in the bile.
10. List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
14. Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions. They aren’t complete cells. They come from megakaryocytes. They help repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces. They also reduce blood flow.
18. Distinguish between low-density and lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein. Low-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of cholesterol and are major cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins. High-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of protein and lower concentration of lipids.
27. List the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot. The extrinsic clotting mechanism is triggered when blood contacts damaged blood vessel walls or tissues outside blood vessels. This extrinsic clotting mechanism then activates the intrinsic clotting mechanism.
38. Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient. Because AB blood lacks both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
39. Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor. Type O blood lacks antigens A and B, therefore this type theoretically could be transfused into people with any other blood type.
Page 647 and 648
Review Exercises
2. Describe the pericardium. The pericardium encloses the heart and the closer end of the blood vessels in which it is attached. It is the membrane from the heart.
4. Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.There are four hollow chambers. Two on the left and two on the right.The upper chambers are called the atria, the lower are called the ventricles.The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. it allows the blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards.The bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle, which is located on the left. The septa divides the right and left of the heart.
6. Trace the path of the blood through the heartEnters through right atrium and continues towards the right ventricle then moves through the pulmonary valve and into the capillaries. Goes through pulmonary veins and heads out through the left atrium, next they head to the left ventricle. Last, they pass through the aortic valve.
10. Explain the origin of heart sounds. Heart sounds come from vibrations in heart tissue when blood moves through.
19. Describe the structure and function of a capillaryThey are the smallest blood vessels and they connect the smallest arterioles and smallest venules. They also house the exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic by-products between the blood and the tissue.
36. Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways.They are connected in performing the function of distributing blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body.
Page 818Review Exercises
1. Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
3. Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air. The internal hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles carried in the air from entering the nose.
5. Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.The pharynx is a passageway for food and air. The larynx is also a passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea. The larynx is inferior to the pharynx.
9. List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.Starts with the right and left primary bronchi. later it divides into secondary bronchi (lobar). Next it divides into tertiary bronchi (segmental). Next they turn into intralobular brochioles. The next branch is the Terminal bronchioes. After that there are the Respiratory bronchioles. After there are the Alveolar ducts. Then there are the Alveolar sacs. Finally there are the Alveoli.
16. Define surfactant, and explain its function. Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins, which is secreted into alveolar air space. It helps you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.
22. Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing, and explain the function of each.Coughing and sneezing are similar in the fact that they both clear passageways of foreign objects. Coughs forces air upward from the lower respiratory tracts and sneezing forces air upward from the upper respiratory tracts.
23. Explain the function of yawning. Yawning is used to help ventilate the alveoli. It allows the blood to receive more oxygen.
31. Define hyperventilation, and explain how it affects the respiratory center. Hyperventilation lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. After this it takes longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels.
35. Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.Oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin. It later dissolves and mixes with hemoglobin.
36. List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.Oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen as the blood pH decreases.Also Increase in temperatureAnd also an increase in carbon dioxide acidity.
Critical Thinking Questions
6. If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will the fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not? No, because with a mother that is already negative and has antibodies, it will only try to eliminate the fetus if it were to have Rh-positive blood.
Review Exercises
3. Describe a red blood cell. They are biconcave disks, which means that they are thin near their centers and thicker around their rims
6. Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell. Mature blood cells are released from the bone marrow into the blood stream, where they circulate for about 120 days. Then macrophages destroy damaged red blood cells in the spleen and liver. Hemoglobin liberated from red blood cells breaks down into heme and globin. Iron from heme returns to red bone marrow and is reused. Biliverdin and bilirubin are excreted in the bile.
10. List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
14. Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions. They aren’t complete cells. They come from megakaryocytes. They help repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces. They also reduce blood flow.
18. Distinguish between low-density and lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein. Low-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of cholesterol and are major cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins. High-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of protein and lower concentration of lipids.
27. List the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot. The extrinsic clotting mechanism is triggered when blood contacts damaged blood vessel walls or tissues outside blood vessels. This extrinsic clotting mechanism then activates the intrinsic clotting mechanism.
38. Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient. Because AB blood lacks both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
39. Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor. Type O blood lacks antigens A and B, therefore this type theoretically could be transfused into people with any other blood type.
Page 647 and 648
Review Exercises
2. Describe the pericardium. The pericardium encloses the heart and the closer end of the blood vessels in which it is attached. It is the membrane from the heart.
4. Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.There are four hollow chambers. Two on the left and two on the right.The upper chambers are called the atria, the lower are called the ventricles.The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. it allows the blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards.The bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle, which is located on the left. The septa divides the right and left of the heart.
6. Trace the path of the blood through the heartEnters through right atrium and continues towards the right ventricle then moves through the pulmonary valve and into the capillaries. Goes through pulmonary veins and heads out through the left atrium, next they head to the left ventricle. Last, they pass through the aortic valve.
10. Explain the origin of heart sounds. Heart sounds come from vibrations in heart tissue when blood moves through.
19. Describe the structure and function of a capillaryThey are the smallest blood vessels and they connect the smallest arterioles and smallest venules. They also house the exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic by-products between the blood and the tissue.
36. Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways.They are connected in performing the function of distributing blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body.
Page 818Review Exercises
1. Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
3. Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air. The internal hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles carried in the air from entering the nose.
5. Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.The pharynx is a passageway for food and air. The larynx is also a passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea. The larynx is inferior to the pharynx.
9. List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.Starts with the right and left primary bronchi. later it divides into secondary bronchi (lobar). Next it divides into tertiary bronchi (segmental). Next they turn into intralobular brochioles. The next branch is the Terminal bronchioes. After that there are the Respiratory bronchioles. After there are the Alveolar ducts. Then there are the Alveolar sacs. Finally there are the Alveoli.
16. Define surfactant, and explain its function. Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins, which is secreted into alveolar air space. It helps you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.
22. Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing, and explain the function of each.Coughing and sneezing are similar in the fact that they both clear passageways of foreign objects. Coughs forces air upward from the lower respiratory tracts and sneezing forces air upward from the upper respiratory tracts.
23. Explain the function of yawning. Yawning is used to help ventilate the alveoli. It allows the blood to receive more oxygen.
31. Define hyperventilation, and explain how it affects the respiratory center. Hyperventilation lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. After this it takes longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels.
35. Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.Oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin. It later dissolves and mixes with hemoglobin.
36. List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.Oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen as the blood pH decreases.Also Increase in temperatureAnd also an increase in carbon dioxide acidity.
Monday, October 22, 2007
Heart Anatomy
All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system? Closed circulatory system
How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis? Through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of pH and of body temperature
Name 4 functions of the circulatory system. To transport dissolved nutrients to all the body cells; it transports gases to all of the cells; It carries hormones which help regulate certain body functions; it transports antibodies that contributes to the bodies immunological response
What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called? arteries
What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called? veins
What is the sac that surrounds the heart called? pericardium
What is the muscular portion of the heart called? myocardium
What is the lining of the myocardium called? endocardium
What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities? Atria and ventricles
What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium? Superior and inferior vena cava carry blood to the right atrium. Pulmonary veins carry blood to the left atrium
What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle? Pulmonary arteries and
How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis? Through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of pH and of body temperature
Name 4 functions of the circulatory system. To transport dissolved nutrients to all the body cells; it transports gases to all of the cells; It carries hormones which help regulate certain body functions; it transports antibodies that contributes to the bodies immunological response
What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called? arteries
What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called? veins
What is the sac that surrounds the heart called? pericardium
What is the muscular portion of the heart called? myocardium
What is the lining of the myocardium called? endocardium
What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities? Atria and ventricles
What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium? Superior and inferior vena cava carry blood to the right atrium. Pulmonary veins carry blood to the left atrium
What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle? Pulmonary arteries and
Respiration Anatomy
What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system? Nose and the mouth
Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth? To the trachea and pharynx
In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out? The esophagus
Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus? anterior
What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System? The mouth and nose
What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles? alveoli
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? alveoli
What is the main muscle of respiration? The diaphragm
What happens when we inhale? Exhale? When inhaling the diaphragm pulls on the pleural sacs causing the air between the sacs and the lungs to thin out. That causes the pressure in the lungs to decrease causing air to be pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, it pushes on the pleural sac causing an increase of pressure within the lungs which forces air out of the lungs.
Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.
Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth? To the trachea and pharynx
In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out? The esophagus
Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus? anterior
What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System? The mouth and nose
What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles? alveoli
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? alveoli
What is the main muscle of respiration? The diaphragm
What happens when we inhale? Exhale? When inhaling the diaphragm pulls on the pleural sacs causing the air between the sacs and the lungs to thin out. That causes the pressure in the lungs to decrease causing air to be pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, it pushes on the pleural sac causing an increase of pressure within the lungs which forces air out of the lungs.
Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.
Wednesday, October 10, 2007
Monday, October 8, 2007
Basic Eye Anatomy
The eye is part of which nervous system? Central Nervous System
What types of tissues give the eye protection? Connective and fatty tissues
What structure in the eye produces tears? Lacrimal glands
What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye? Conjunctiva
What is the cornea? The covering of your eye
What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones? The layer in the back of the eye
What is the function of the rods? The cones? Rod – controls black and white vision. Cones – color vision
What is the colored part of the eye? Iris
What structure allows light to enter the eye? pupil
Sketch picture of eye with following labeled: lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina
What types of tissues give the eye protection? Connective and fatty tissues
What structure in the eye produces tears? Lacrimal glands
What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye? Conjunctiva
What is the cornea? The covering of your eye
What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones? The layer in the back of the eye
What is the function of the rods? The cones? Rod – controls black and white vision. Cones – color vision
What is the colored part of the eye? Iris
What structure allows light to enter the eye? pupil
Sketch picture of eye with following labeled: lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina
Wednesday, October 3, 2007
Basic Ear Anatomy
Sketch a picture of an ear and label the following:
Inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea
stapes
malleus
incus
What is the function of the following:
Pinna – direct sound waves into the auditory canal
tympanic membrane – reproduces the vibrations of the sound wave source.
ossicles – transmits vibrations between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear.
cochlea – fluid filled sack that helps hairs turn vibrations into nerve impulses.
semicircular canals – provide a sence of equilibrium.
What three bones make up the ossicles? Malleus, incus, and stapes.
What is the function of hairs in the ear? The hairs stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve
Inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea
stapes
malleus
incus
What is the function of the following:
Pinna – direct sound waves into the auditory canal
tympanic membrane – reproduces the vibrations of the sound wave source.
ossicles – transmits vibrations between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear.
cochlea – fluid filled sack that helps hairs turn vibrations into nerve impulses.
semicircular canals – provide a sence of equilibrium.
What three bones make up the ossicles? Malleus, incus, and stapes.
What is the function of hairs in the ear? The hairs stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve
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