Circulatory and Respiratory Sytem Questions in Text

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Critical Thinking Questions
6. If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will the fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not? No, because with a mother that is already negative and has antibodies, it will only try to eliminate the fetus if it were to have Rh-positive blood.
Review Exercises
3. Describe a red blood cell. They are biconcave disks, which means that they are thin near their centers and thicker around their rims
6. Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell. Mature blood cells are released from the bone marrow into the blood stream, where they circulate for about 120 days. Then macrophages destroy damaged red blood cells in the spleen and liver. Hemoglobin liberated from red blood cells breaks down into heme and globin. Iron from heme returns to red bone marrow and is reused. Biliverdin and bilirubin are excreted in the bile.
10. List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
14. Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions. They aren’t complete cells. They come from megakaryocytes. They help repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces. They also reduce blood flow.
18. Distinguish between low-density and lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein. Low-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of cholesterol and are major cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins. High-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of protein and lower concentration of lipids.
27. List the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot. The extrinsic clotting mechanism is triggered when blood contacts damaged blood vessel walls or tissues outside blood vessels. This extrinsic clotting mechanism then activates the intrinsic clotting mechanism.
38. Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient. Because AB blood lacks both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
39. Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor. Type O blood lacks antigens A and B, therefore this type theoretically could be transfused into people with any other blood type.
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Review Exercises
2. Describe the pericardium. The pericardium encloses the heart and the closer end of the blood vessels in which it is attached. It is the membrane from the heart.
4. Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.There are four hollow chambers. Two on the left and two on the right.The upper chambers are called the atria, the lower are called the ventricles.The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. it allows the blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards.The bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle, which is located on the left. The septa divides the right and left of the heart.
6. Trace the path of the blood through the heartEnters through right atrium and continues towards the right ventricle then moves through the pulmonary valve and into the capillaries. Goes through pulmonary veins and heads out through the left atrium, next they head to the left ventricle. Last, they pass through the aortic valve.
10. Explain the origin of heart sounds. Heart sounds come from vibrations in heart tissue when blood moves through.
19. Describe the structure and function of a capillaryThey are the smallest blood vessels and they connect the smallest arterioles and smallest venules. They also house the exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic by-products between the blood and the tissue.
36. Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways.They are connected in performing the function of distributing blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body.
Page 818Review Exercises
1. Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
3. Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air. The internal hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles carried in the air from entering the nose.
5. Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.The pharynx is a passageway for food and air. The larynx is also a passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea. The larynx is inferior to the pharynx.
9. List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.Starts with the right and left primary bronchi. later it divides into secondary bronchi (lobar). Next it divides into tertiary bronchi (segmental). Next they turn into intralobular brochioles. The next branch is the Terminal bronchioes. After that there are the Respiratory bronchioles. After there are the Alveolar ducts. Then there are the Alveolar sacs. Finally there are the Alveoli.
16. Define surfactant, and explain its function. Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins, which is secreted into alveolar air space. It helps you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.
22. Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing, and explain the function of each.Coughing and sneezing are similar in the fact that they both clear passageways of foreign objects. Coughs forces air upward from the lower respiratory tracts and sneezing forces air upward from the upper respiratory tracts.
23. Explain the function of yawning. Yawning is used to help ventilate the alveoli. It allows the blood to receive more oxygen.
31. Define hyperventilation, and explain how it affects the respiratory center. Hyperventilation lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. After this it takes longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels.
35. Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.Oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin. It later dissolves and mixes with hemoglobin.
36. List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.Oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen as the blood pH decreases.Also Increase in temperatureAnd also an increase in carbon dioxide acidity.